Mohammed Hamdan Edan Al-Issawi

Climate risks are expected to dramatically increase and this will lead to significant damage to human life, especially those living below the poverty threshold. The third world countries will be the most vulnerable to those risks, where the risks are visible especially, most of those countries are suffering from bad food and water security. The urgent need of providing food and water security will push toward supporting climate-resilient agriculture in the climate change affected areas and the necessity are very urgent to support food security in rural societies. Crop resilient crops can be defined exactly as those which can tolerate climate fluctuations and their productivity is acceptable. Thus, the necessity of using such crops had emerged to compensate for the decrease and food supply for the increased populations from one side and the increase in climate challenges. There are many negative impacts of climate change, such as declines in economic development, public health, ecosystem degradation, migration, conflicts, wars, disease spread, and epidemics, which will expose communities to the direct impact of all these risks. Therefore, efforts must be combined to improve the crop yield while reducing growth inputs (e.g. fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides, etc.) as well as improving the yield's sustainability by improving the tolerance traits of biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition to an accurate understanding of the plant's relationship with microorganisms and improving soil characteristics.  Recently, Of the crops that have been proven to be climate-resilient are quinoa, pearl millet, and sorghum. This encourages plant breeders to produce plants that are resilient to cope with climate fluctuations. One of the most significantly increased environmental risks in recent decades is the lack of water quantity and quality, salinity, and extreme temperatures. The availability of water is one of the most dangerous environmental stresses on the lives of organisms, including the plant, since drought alone causes a decrease in productivity of more than 50% of the world's arable land. However, what makes the issue of water more dangerous is the competition between urban and rural areas in getting water. Although low salinity water can be used to irrigate crops, it works only when planting saline-tolerant crops or in the case of good management that mitigates salinity damage. Salinity is an increasing risk and always combined with water shortage, especially for saline-sensitive crops such as wheat and rice, on which the vast majority of humans depend, thus forcing plant breeders to produce saline-tolerant varieties by understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to diagnose and utilize saline-tolerant genes. Extreme temperatures (high temperature, cold and freezing), cause a deterioration in the productivity of field crops. arid and semi-arid regions of the world are the most vulnerable to climate fluctuations, but global warming damages also have a serious impact on the poles of the globe by melting snow and increasing sea levels. Plants become more sensitive to temperatures during reproductive stages therefore this will lead to tremendous effects on their productivity. Therefore, understanding temperature tolerance mechanisms will greatly help produce climate-resilient crops to face climate fluctuations. The first step that must be taken is the introduction or production of varieties of crops that are suitable for different agricultural environments. These are one of the major challenges facing governments, agricultural companies, and even farmers to provide food for humanity. Integrated management strategies e.g the optimal date of planting, the amount of added nutrients, and the management of agricultural pest control contribute significantly to the identification of the genetic potentials of different crops. Improving the resilience of different crops to face climate challenges and food sustainability should be a priority for decision-makers. In this regard, the production of climate-resilient varieties of climate variability is one of the most important sustainable sources of food. This kind of crop must be included in national programs for adoption and follow-up of its delivery to farmers as well as preservation of its genetic assets for use in plant breeding and improvement programs.