Globalization of the soil classification system
Globalization of the soil classification system
Soil, in the geological sense, is the loosened layer of rock as a result of weathering. In the geographical sense, it is the product of weathering of rocks distributed in the form of layers whose characteristics vary according to their geographical location and their influence on the surrounding environment factors. The actually exploited for agriculture is about 12 inches deep. It is the depth necessary for the growth and production of most of the economic and strategic crops that people need for their nutrition and economic growth.
Therefore, the soil needs to be preserved through the development of management programs and maintenance programs through the information of soil survey, characterization and classification. Accordingly, all sciences related to this resource have receded between the sciences of soil survey as the head of the pyramid and soil management as the base of the pyramid, because the first organizes the information and data of each type of soil in terms of its characteristics and properties and identifying its problems. The second is concerned with developing important administrative programs for solutions and problems in order to increase production per unit area, and preserve it from deterioration.
Since the signs of the Cold War emerged between the socialist camp represented by the Soviet Union and the capitalist camp represented by the United States of America, the signs of the so-called globalization began as an advanced stage of Western capitalist domination of the world. Globalization is meant by cosmic or constellation, and some of them call it comprehensive. However, it is common among researchers and writers from politicians, economists and media in the name of globalization.
The word globalization in the linguistic sense means the generalization of something and its global character and the expansion of its circle to include the whole world.
There have been many sayings about defining the meaning of globalization. There was no comprehensive definition of all possibilities that prevents mixtures, due to the ambiguity of its concept and the difference in the researchers’ point of view, but its definitions can be divided into being an economic phenomenon, American hegemony, and a technological and social revolution.
If we want to give a comprehensive definition of globalization, we can say that it is: an ideological formulation of Western civilization from thought, culture, economy and politics to control the entire world using the media and major capitalist companies, in order to apply this civilization and generalize it to the world.
Some people mistake the phenomenon of globalization with the concept of globalization. The color of globalization was originally taken from the world. Universality is the enrichment of thought and the exchange of knowledge with mutual recognition without losing self-identity. As for globalization, it is a break from the values, principles, traditions and customs of the nation, the abolition of its personality and entity, and its dissolution into the other. It is based on perpetuating the ideology of "submissive individualism" and perpetuating the egoistic tendency, and it works to perpetuate impartiality, which is the dissolution of any commitment or association with any issue.
From the emergence of this phenomenon and the capitalist camp's attempt to dominate the world's economies, Russian scientists, including Rokhnhof and Seberstev, were alerted and began their first attempts to lay the foundations for classifying the soils of the Soviet Union. They were followed by Dukashev, who laid the first building blocks for the Russian soil classification system and began to emerge and spread. At that time, American scholars noticed this important economic resource. This system was transferred and applied to the soil of the United States of America and the countries under its hegemony. Their initiations began with the development of the first book on soil entitled Soil Geology, which was written by the geologist Hulkhard. Then the scientist Whitney published his book entitled Soil and men, then the scientist Kay Smith presented the old genetic system in 1938.
Whiteside introduced the modern American system in 1975 and it was generalized to most countries. However, other countries became aware of this and created special classification systems for their soils, including the French Aubert system, the German Makemhausen system, and the Australian Dungehofer system.
The other countries remained and those centered with the American side applied the American system, including the Arab region in general. The United States of America worked to impose its system and compel countries to implement it through the World Survey Institute in Belgium. Where it sent researchers to conduct surveys in several countries. From them, researcher Bjornk was sent to Iraq, Mahjouri to Iran, and Muri to Syria. The sequence of their research and studies was taken, as well as encouraging students through scholarships and fellowships through the aforementioned institute to study the soil of their countries and apply the American system and oblige them to do so as an alternative to the Russian system.
The aim was to control the most important joints of the agricultural economy in those countries by striking the survey operations in those countries and confusing and impeding the important administrative programs required for production, so that the economies of those countries would remain at the center of the American economy and its dependence.
It has continued and is still the case in the application of the modern American system of soil description despite all its attempts to modernize and add since the sixties of the last century until now. However, through the application, it has a kind of ambiguity and lack of clarity in its application to the reality of the Iraqi soil. Among its tangible problems is the transformation of soils of the order Entisols into dry Aridisols, and the joining of chains of soils in administrative families in sites and their non-joining in other sites, which made this joint in the system, pragmatic.
As well as the quantitative determinants in diagnosing some surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons, whose specifications and the reality of the soil of our country, and other countries, do not apply.
Finally, the researcher Biortech 1982 became aware of this and released his famous saying.
“Every country should have its own classification system.”