The optimal farming system, the best way to increase productivity.

     Agricultural plant production depends largely on the cultivation, spread and distribution of field crops of different types, families and purpose of cultivation.

 There are many inputs that contribute to increasing production, both quantitatively and qualitatively in wide frameworks of production systems, and it is noted on one side of this sequence (inputs, outputs) and the many variables that occur between them, which are controlled by various factors such as soil service operations (plowing, smoothing and leveling). ), and crop service operations such as pest and jungle control using chemical pesticides, use of mineral fertilizers to feed plants and approved irrigation methods until harvesting, marketing and storage.

 The profitability of crop productivity varies according to the type of crop planted. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate crop depends on the site, the prevailing environmental conditions, the date and season of cultivation, and that the pattern of cultivation is transferred to directing the increase or decrease in yield, which has an impact on the exploitation of available resources and its reflection on it, so the farming system followed is a guarantee Solve many production problems.

The division of field crop cultivation systems can be summarized into the division of farming systems in terms of the degree of exploitation, including shifting farming, as it is found in primitive societies and when lands are available with a small number of people, as well as light agriculture Extensive Farming is the cultivation of large areas of land with little labor and uses agricultural mechanization To complete the various operations, the return on the unit area is limited, but this is compensated by the increase in the area.

In addition to intensive farming, and this type of agriculture by intensifying labor and focusing efforts in a unit area, the size of the farm is small, not exceeding a few dunams, but as a result of agricultural intensification - this increases the yield of the unit area, division according to the density of the crop or the cropping index, which means the average The number of crops grown per year per unit area, and divided into mutual farming, wh]9ich is the practice of farming in the case of rain-fed agriculture in marginal areas where the amount of rain is scarce, and the soil moisture is not provided in an optimal manner, and the land is not cultivated with grain crops, but rather An agricultural cycle, such as the alternation of wheat with mung, as it works to provide moisture because its roots are wedge-shaped and deep, and its consumption of moisture is limited. The cultivation for one season (monocrops)), in which the land is cultivated seasonally for one agricultural season each year, as the rains are seasonal or the environmental conditions are not It is only allowed to plant one season annually, as in the cultivation of wheat, but in areas with seasonal rains, it is either planted during the winter season or the summer season according to the rainfall As well as multi-season cultivation) where it is planted several times a year in the event of rain throughout the year, as is the case in the tropics or in the case of irrigated agriculture with moderate climatic conditions throughout the year. The farmer can grow more than one crop per year, winter crops are planted It is followed by summer crops, and it is possible to plant two crops in one year, i.e. two seasons (two different grains), or it is possible to plant three seasons per year, and in the different regions of Iraq, maize, sunflower and mash are planted twice per season, and in the case of sorghum, it is planted to give a green fodder crop Then a second crop of grains is taken, and so on, and the division of farming systems in terms of the number of crops planted in the same place and time, including monoculture. Only one crop is planted in the field in winter, such as wheat in winter and rice in summer, as well as intercropping. More than one crop in the same field, but separately, regularly, so that lines of corn crop are planted with lines of soybean crop. Usually grains are loaded on a legume crop and so on, and the other type is mixed farming, in which more than one crop is mixed together. These mixtures are used in fodder crops to raise the nutritional value of fodder crops and improve small environmental conditions. Hijazi alfalfa is mixed with barley and oats, and agriculture comes Overlapping on lines, as each crop is planted in separate and alternating lines with the other crop within this context, and the cultivation is followed in segments (each crop is grown separately in separate segments, and the crop is grown before harvesting the other crop: such as rice in which alfalfa is grown before the first harvest for a short period, But to a lesser degree of choice, and there are two factors and the most important factors that affect the choice of the optimal farming system, including water resources, as agriculture depends either on rain in the case of rain-fed agriculture or on irrigation (irrigated agriculture) in the case of rain-fed agriculture, the date of planting is determined by the date of the fall Rainfall, the type of soil and its composition and texture, as well as its fertility, determine the appropriate agricultural pattern, in light lands with limited fertility, planting them with one crop per year is sufficient. For a year, it requires good drainage as well as light soil so that the crop can be planted and matured in the least possible time, and it is not hidden from everyone that the effect of temperature is lower than the minimum for the growth of the crop or higher than the maximum determines the crop system. In the United States of America, as a result of the low temperature in the winter months, agriculture is limited to the cultivation of one crop during the summer period, and last but not least, the social and economic situation determines the optimal cultivation pattern. Diversify its production so that it can avoid fluctuations in production.